1. Abstract We presenta case of a 63-year oldman with multiple mening iomas, with noeviden ceofneur of ibromatosis 2.
2. Case Presentation A63-yearoldmanpresentedwithcomplaintsofasuddenleft-sidedweakness,propulsion,urinaryincontinence.Hehadahistoryof craniotomyforright-sidedparasagittalmeningioma18yearsago. After the surgery the patient developed left-sided spastic hemiparesis, which partially resolved in six months. After operation the patient developed also focal epileptic seizures twice a month. In May2011henoticedprogressiveworseningofhissymptomsand 20daysbeforeadmissionsuddenlydevelopedright-sidedhemiparesis, which gradually resolved. MRI of the brain was obtained which revealed 12 meningiomas. All of them had supratentorial localization and one falcine meningioma appeared to have intratumoral hemorrhage (Figure 1, 2). MRIofthewholespinewastheobtainedwhichrevealedanother nidusonthelevelofC4predominantelyontheleftsidewhichwas consistent with meningioma versus schwannoma (Figure 3). On examination, the patient was awake, alert and oriented. However, he was a little depressive. He didn’t have any meningeal symptomsandsigns.CranialnerveswereWNL.Hehadleft-sided hemiparesis. The muscle force on the right side was 4/5, on the left side 3/5. Left-sided Babinski sign. Patient had hyperostosison the right temporal region and postoperative scar on the central parietalregion.Thepatienthadnoevidenceofneurofibromatosis 2. In our clinic patient received dexamethasone 5mg TID for 10 days, after that we performed the operation: left parietal craniectomyforremovalofleftparasagittalandfalcinemeningiomas.On first and seventh post-op days head CT scan was done (Figure 4, 5). 14 days after the operation patient was discharged from the clinicwithslightspastictetraparesis.Thehistologicalexamination of the removed meningiomas showed, that all meningiomas were fibroplastic (WHO grade I).
3. Discussion Meningiomasarethemostcommon,non-glial,primitiveintracranialtumors,theirprevalenceamongoperatedtumorsisaround13- 19%.Theymayoccuratanyagebuthaveapeakincidencearound 45 years of age; 60% occur in females. Meningiomas may occasionally have an atypical appearance and atypical enhancement pattern secondary to necrosis, scarring, previous hemorrhage, or fat deposition [1]. Meningiomas accounts for approximately 34% of primary brain tumors (tumors that start in the brain) in the United States and occurs in approximately six of every 100,000 people. Meningiomas are rare in children. The overall five-year survival rate (the percentageofpeoplewhosurviveatleastfiveyearsafterthemeningiomaisdetected,excludingthosewhodiefromotherdiseases) formeningiomais69% (70% forbenignand55% formalignant).
Symptomsofmeningiomacanbegeneral(causedbythepressure of the tumor on the brain or spinal cord), or specific (caused by thetumorstoppingthenormalfunctioningofaspecificpartofthe brain or by pressure on nerves or blood vessels). Generally, meningiomaisnotdiagnoseduntilsymptomsbegin[2].Theincidence of multiple meningiomas has increased since the introduction of computed tomographic (CT) scan and a high incidence of up to 8.0% has been reported (2). Meningioma is classified into subtypes based on the location of the tumor: • Falx and parasagittal meningioma (accounts for 25% of meningiomas). • Convexity meningioma (20%). • Sphenoid wing meningioma (20%). • Olfactory groove meningioma (10%). • Suprasellar meningioma (10%). • Spinalmeningioma(lessthan10%). • Intraorbitalmeningioma(lessthan10%). • Intraventricular meningioma (2%) [2]. Meningiomas are classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) schema, which is based upon morphologic criteria. The 2000 and 2007 versions of the WHO classification system divides meningiomas into three groups [8] • WHO grade I – Benign meningiomas (WHO grade I)are subdivided into a number of subtypes. WHO grade I meningiomasdo notmeetanyof thecriteriafor ahigher grade lesion based upon morphologic criteria. The treatment approach is the same for all of the subtypes of benign meningiomas. • WHO grade II – WHO grade II meningiomas have increased mitotic activity (≥4 mitoses per ten high powered fields) and three or more of the following features: increased cellularity, small cells with a high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, prominent nucleoli uninterrupted patternless or sheet-like growth, or foci of spontaneous or geographic necrosis. Chordoid, clear cell, and atypical meningiomas are classified as WHO grade II. • WHOgradeIII–WHOgradeIIImeningiomashave ≥20 mitoses per ten high powered fields and/or malignant characteristics resembling carcinoma, sarcoma, or melanoma.Featuresthatsupportthediagnosisofmalig- nant meningioma include the loss of usual meningioma growth patterns, infiltration of underlying brain, abundant mitoses with atypical forms, and multifocal microscopic fociofnecrosis.Papillary,rhabdoid,andanaplasticmeningiomas are classified as WHO grade III. ItisusedalsotheSimpsonclassification [9]. Grade I- This is a macroscopically complete removal of the tumor, with excision of its dural attachment, and of anyabnormalbone.Wherethetumorarisesfromthewall ofaduralvenoussinus,suchanoperationnecessarilyen- tails resection of the sinus.
Grade II -This denotes a macroscopically complete removalofthetumorandofitsvisibleextensions,withendothermycoagulation(usuallytothepointofcharring)of its dural attachment. Grade III -This denotes a macroscopically complete removal of the intradural tumor, without resection or coagulation of its dural attachment, or alternatively, of its extradural extensions, e.g., an invaded sinus or hyperostotic bone. Grade IV -This denotes a partial removal, leaving intradural tumor in situ. GradeV-Thisisasimpledecompression,withorwithout biopsy. Multiple meningiomas mostly consist of benign tumors, in which a combination of differential histological types of meningioma is observed in approximately 30% of cases. However, the simultaneous occurrence of benign and anaplastic histological types is extremely rare [3]. In 1938 Cushing applied the term of multiple meningiomas to a condition in which a patient has more than one meningioma with different localizations. Confluent ‘’en plaque’’ meningiomas are usually reported as diffuse meningiomatosis which is generally considered an extreme form of multiple meningioma [5]. Thereare2distincthypotheses fortheoccurrence of multiple meningiomas. The first suggests that tumors arise independently and this is supported by histological and cytogenetic examinations that have revealed microscopic and karyotypic differences in multiple tumors from the same patient. Another hypothesis suggests that a single transforming event occurs and the original clone of cells spreads throughout the meninges resulting in the formation of multiple, clonally related tumors [3]. Primary tumorsaredeemedtobemultiplewhentheyoccurwhollyseparate from each other in different parts of the central nervous system. They can develop at the same time or independently [4]. Sometimes, despite initial treatment, the meningioma may not go into remission (the temporary or permanent disappearance of a tumor) or it recurs (comes back after treatment) [2]. Itdividesrecurrentmeningiomasinto: 1) Trueorlocalrecurrenceswhenthenewgrowthiseitherwithin thelimitsoftheinsertionareaofthepreviouslyresectedmeningi- oma or, if outside this zone, in direct continuity with (in practice, therecurrenttumorisusuallywithinthelimitsofthepreviouscraniotomy) and 2) False or regional recurrences, when the new growth is contiguous to but independent of the attachment surface of the primary meningioma and outside the previous craniotomy site. Those regional recurrences should be considered as new primary lesions originating from the multicentric tumor foci in the contiguous dura mater and the fibrous fringe. This pathological surrounding dura mater should be considered as part of attachment surface of ‘’solitary’’meningiomas[6].Thedistinctionisimportantbecause recurrence and regrowth represent two separate phenomena. The diagnosis of recurrence was based on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging findings [7] A number of factors have been studied for a possible relationship to the development of meningiomas and other brain tumors. They are Ionizing radiation, radiation therapy, genetic factors: neurofibromatosis type2, hormonal factors, breast cancer, head trauma, cell phone use). Multiple meningiomas can be associated with neurofibromatosis2 [5]. Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is an autosomal dominant disorder predisposing to multiple neoplastic lesion. This disorder is due to a mutation in the NF2 gene, a tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 22 which encodes a membrane cytoskeletal protein called merlin or schwannomin that appears to be involved in actin-cytoskeleton organization [8]. Treatingbrainandspinalcordtumorscanbechallenging.Surgery isthemostcommontypeoftreatment,butitcanbedifficultifthe tumor is near a delicate portion of the brain or spinal cord. The bloodbrainbarrier,whichnormallyservestoprotectthebrainand spinal cord from damaging chemicals, also keeps out many types ofchemotherapy.Meningiomagrowsoutsidetheblood-brainbarrier,sosomedrugsdoreachthesetumors;however,theyarevery resistant to currently available chemotherapy [2]. Surgery is the removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue during an operation. For meningioma, it is the most common type of treatment and is oftentheonlytreatmentneededforbenigntumorsthatareableto becompletelyremovedbysurgery[2].Itcanuseradiationtherapy and chemotherapy. The goal of chemotherapy can be to destroy any tumor remaining after surgery, slow the tumor’s growth, or reduce symptoms. However, chemotherapy is rarely used to treat meningioma,althoughresearchersarestudyingthisformoftreatment.Itisalsoimportanttokeepinmindthatatreatmentplanmay change over time if it is no longer working. Most patients with a brain tumor will be prescribed steroids to help relieve swelling of the brain. Steroids occur naturally in the body in tiny amounts. In largeramounts,theyareverypowerfulanti-inflammatories(drugs thathelpswelling).Youwillmostlikelyreceivesteroidswhenyou arefirstdiagnosed,beforeandaftersurgery,beforeandafterradi- ation therapy, and if you have an advanced brain tumor. Steroids have many side effects, which include weight gain and water retention, increased appetite, difficulty sleeping, changes in mood, and stomach irritation. Anticonvulsant medication.Aperson with a CNS tumor may experience seizures, and this type of medication helps to control the frequency of them. Antidepressants.DepressioncanbecommoninpeoplewithaCNS tumor, but it is often undiagnosed. However, this does not mean that all people with a CNS tumor are depressed. For those who havesymptomsofdepression,thehealthcareteammaydecideto prescribe an anti-depressant to help with the symptoms [2].
4. Conclusions Multiple meningiomas consist more than one meningioma with different localizations. Multiple meningiomas mostly consist of benigntumors.Therolefordevelopmentofmultiplemeningiomas playradiationtherapy,headtrauma,hormonalfactors,ionization, genetic factors, especially neurofibromatosis type 2. But in our casemultiplemeningiomaswererecurrentmeningiomas,developmentwhodidn’tplaythefactorswhohavesignabove.Thepatient didn’t have any signs of neurofibromatosis.
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Ruben V. Fanarjyan. Multiple Meningiomas: Case Report and Review of Literature. Annals of Clinical and Medical Case Reports 2022